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Anarchist newspaper circulation
Page history
last edited
by john 1 year, 1 month ago
I have been thinking about the circulation of anarchist newspapers and magazines.I know that Mother Earth had a circulation of about 3.000 at its highest point.Liberty's highest circulation was around a thousand. Does anyone else out there have any figures??
Just reading 'Sacco and Vanzetti the anarchist background' - I think Avrich gives figures for some of the Italian-american papers. now i know you're interested i can look for numbers. john
Cronaca Sovversiva: 'never exceeded four or five thousand' - Avrich Sacco and Vanzetti p50.
L'Adunata dei refrattari: rose to 10,000 after WW2 (when copies were being shipped backto Italy) - Berman, The torch and the Axe.
According to Maximoff in The Syndicalists in the Russian Revolution: "Newspapers were published not only in the large administrative and industrial centres, like Moscow and Petrograd, which had several Anarchist newspapers (in Petrograd the circulation of the Anarcho-Syndicalist Golos Trouda and the Anarchist Burevestnik was 25,000 each; the Moscow daily Anarchia had about the same circulation), but also in provincial cities, like Kronstadt, Yaroslavl, Nizhni-Novgorod, Saratov, Samara, Krasnoyarsk, Vladivostok, Rostov on Don, Odessa and Kiev. (In 1918, Anarchist papers were coming out in Ivanovo-Vosnesensk, Chembar, Ekaterinburg, Kursk, Ekaterinoslav, Viatka.)"
Also Green Anarchy claims their current circulation is between 8000-9000. Ha! Nicole
How come I've seen the figure of 10,000 for Mother Earth's peak circulation? i.e. in the introduction to Peter Glassgold's anthology, and I'm sure in a couple of other sources. I've actaully been working on a database of US anarchist newspaper circulations (you stole my idea!); I've got about 29 figures so far (but some are estimates from authorities or historians, and this includes the 10,000 number for ME) and I'll post the results once they're in a more managable form. --Kenyon
Yes.I have seen that.The figure 10,000 comes from Rebel In Paradise and Drinnon offers no source for it.The only figure I have seen EG mention is 3,000, but I'll go and do some counting of subscribers.A couple of other newspapers.According to Marcelino Garcia in "Anarchist Voices" .." the top circulation of Cultura Proletaria" which I edited from the 1930s till it closed in 1952, was 4,000" (p392) Meanwhile Frank Brand (Enrico Arrigoni) states that "Eresia" ( 1928-1932) had a print run of 2,000.(pp174) Database eh? Fucking students
You know I wouldn't be surprised if those numbers for GA were correct.Does anyone have any sense of circulation of other current publications?
Another general point,I guess,is the number of subscribers papers had/have.From my own experience, there was a clear relatioship between number of subscribers to the paper and how long it existed!!
This also relates to the question of subscribers vs. circulation (i.e. print run)--I think often the two are conflated. Then of course estimating readership is a whole other question. In addition, there's the fact that anarchist publications knew no borders--papers published in the US went all over the world, while anarchists in the US regularly read foreign, wrote for, and funded papers like Freedom, Der Arbeter Fraynd, Studi Sociali, etc. --Kenyon
Chicago Arbeiter-Zeitung 5000 in 1886 (EGPP Book 1). Anarchy: JODA has wide circulation but their numbers are probably extremely inflated. I wonder if they count the dozens of copies sent to us at PLP that I throw straight into the bin. Nicole
Yes.One of my reasons for thinking on this issue was just how many anarchists papers got/get out there, beyond subscriber lists.When John on donations to KSL from various people in the UK I notice there are often 10 copies of the same issue of Class War,all new and pristine.They never went anywhere.I hope that wasn't repeated too much.Anyway I am at the archive this weekend and I'll see what other figures I can find.--Barry
You know you're freaking old when you stay up to 4 in the morning on a Friday night reading through the pages of The Blast trying to figure out the paper's circulation. I scoured every page looking for some kind of clue and here is what I found. According to the 15 March 1916 it cost them $75 to produce each edition. The wholesale cost for the paper was 2.5 cents and a single copy was 5 cents. If we take these figures I would make a conservative estimate that the print run for the Blast at this time was 1500 - 3000 ($75/0.05 or $75/0.025). As to how many people actually read it, who knows. Then in the 15 July 1916 edition, during the height of the anti-preparedness movement, the editors announced that the Blast was going to double its circulation. This is confirmed in the 15 August 1916 edition when the paper states they have printed "an extra large issue this time" (p.7). This was probably necessary due to the attention the paper was receiving in the mainstream press after the bombing and arrests of Mooney, Billings, Nolan and Weinberg. The editors were using the paper to spread the word about their case. In Anarchist Voices Marion Bell remembers mailing copies of the Blast to people all over the world (including Malatesta in London) from her hometown in AZ after AB had problems mailing it from San Francisco (p. 30). So in the end, I could not find a exact number of readers. Oh well. --Nicole the insomniac
Well.I finally tracked down the 10,000 number for Mother Earth.It's the figure quoted at Berkman and Goldman's trial in 1917.It was ,I think, a special print run for the June 1917 issue.(I'll confirm that).After reading Nicole's exhaustive assessment of the print run for The Blast( come on it's healthier thasn hanging around the toilets at the Gilman!!) I am more than ever inclined to see the regular Mother Earth print run as around 3,000.I am pretty sure that Mother Earth's mailing list was passed on to The Blast.Thank you Kenyon for the other figures.Do you think that 20,000 for FAS is pushing it a bit?
Every source says the FAS circulation in by 1914 was between 20-30,000. Mina Graur further says says it had 14,000 _subscribers_ at its height (I don't recall where she got this figure, but probably from the pages of the FAS itself somewhere), which would definitely mean its total circulation would have been significantly higher than 14,000. Two things to keep in in mind are that a lot of FAS readers weren't necessisarily anarchists; under Yanovsky's editorship the FAS became an important source of both labor news in general and of Yiddish literature. Also, Yiddish-speaking Jews were a particularly radical group; the socialist Forverts (Jewish Daily Forward) was the most widely circulated Yiddish paper in the country and peaked at about 250,000 around 1920, so with the FAS we're talking about 1/10 the circulation of the most popular socialist paper, which seems like a reasonable fraction. --Kenyon
Firebrand had a cir of around 2000, I would guess by their second year, according to Henry Addis. from "Mary Isaak" by Marcus Graham in Man! an Anthology of Anarchist Ideas, Essays, Poetry and Commentary (1974).
Free Society had a circulation of about 1000 is January 1898 and they were trying increase it to 5000 by encouaging people to take out larger subscriptions and then passing them around to friends/comrades etc. They argued that if they could get 2000 paid subscriptions they could increase the total circ to 5000. -- Jessica (I've never found any circ stats for firebrand)
The Swedish Anarchist magazine Brand (1898-present day). Published as weekly between 1908 - 1930's
Print run:
1898: 5000
1905: ~10 000
1907: 14 000
1908: 20 000
During periods when authorities seized or closed down the magazine, the editorial committee published special one-off issues under other names instead, for instance
1914 issue Ryska faran : 59 000
Source: Minutes from the control committee of Brand (microfiche, Arbetarrörelsens Arkiv Stockholm)
Will try to find out circulation for present-day Brand (bi-monthly)
Swedish anarcho-syndicalist youth magazine Direkt Aktion (published by the Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation) 1996 - 2016 (folded after 20 years of publication)
Print run:
2013: 1000
Source: www.direktaktion.se
Arbetaren
- Mikael Altemark
Allright, below is my updated list
-Kenyon
Anarchist Periodical Circulation Figures, 1880-1940
compiled by Kenyon Zimmer
Key:
e = estimate
s = self-reported
r = recollection
p = private correspondence
|
Title
|
Year(s)
|
Circulation
|
Subscribers
|
Source
|
Notes
|
|
L’Adunata dei Refrattari
|
1922-1939
|
c.5,000
|
|
Berman
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Agitator
|
1910-1912
|
300+
|
300 s
|
Gorgura
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Alarm (I)
|
1884
|
2,000
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1885
|
3,000
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1886
|
3,000
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L’Allarme
|
1915
|
2,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:37
|
|
|
|
1916
|
6,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:37
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amerikanskie Izvestiia
|
1922
|
3,000 e
|
|
Davis, 126
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Der Anarchist
|
1886
|
300
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:355; Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Anarchist Soviet Bulletin
|
1919
|
2,000 e; 650,000 s
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2004; Anarchist Soviet Bulletin, April 1919
|
Second figure obviously fictitious
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Der Arme Teufel
|
1887
|
2,750
|
|
Oestreicher, 159
|
|
|
|
1890
|
3,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:376
|
|
|
|
1894
|
3,500
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1894, 1295
|
|
|
|
1895
|
7,000
|
|
Oestreicher, 157
|
|
|
|
1897
|
3,525
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1897, 1352
|
|
|
|
1898
|
2,700; 3,525 e
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:376; N. W. Ayer 1898, 1358
|
|
|
|
1900
|
3,525; 3,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:376; N. W. Ayer 1900, 1406
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L’Avvenire
|
1912
|
4,000
|
|
Pernicone, “War,” 81
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Budoucnost
|
1884
|
360
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 2:241
|
|
|
|
1886
|
750
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Challenge
|
1938
|
5,000 p
|
|
[Bluestein] to [Steimer] & [Fléchine]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung
|
1880
|
3,000
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1881
|
4,500
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1882
|
4,850
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1883
|
5,200
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1884
|
5,326
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1885
|
5,110
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1886
|
5,780
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124; Hoerder, ed., 3:389
|
|
|
|
1888
|
5,000
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1890
|
4,600
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1892
|
5,800
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1894
|
7,145
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1895
|
15,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:389
|
|
|
|
1896
|
15,120
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1898
|
12,560
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1900
|
10,000; 15,000
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100; Bekken, 18
|
|
|
|
1910
|
15,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:389
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cronaca Sovversiva
|
1912
|
3,200
|
|
Pernicone, “War,” 81
|
|
|
|
c.1917
|
4,000
|
|
Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti, 50
|
|
|
|
1918
|
5,000
|
|
Cartosio, 425
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cultura Proletaria
|
c.1927-1939
|
4,000 r
|
|
Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 392
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dĕlnické Listy
|
1896
|
1,200
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 2:244
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Delo Truda
|
1939
|
200-300
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 2:118
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Demonstrator
|
1904
|
c.800
|
|
Veysey, 36
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Discontent
|
1900
|
1,200
|
|
Ghormley
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Domani
|
1919
|
1,500; 1,000
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2005; Hoerder, ed., 3:60
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L’Emancipazione
|
1931
|
3,000
|
2,000+
|
R. De Rango, “Ai compagni,” L’Emancipazione, June 1931
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eresia
|
1928-1930
|
c.2,000 r
|
|
Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 174
|
|
|
|
1931-1932
|
3,000 s; 3,100 s
|
|
Eresia, January 1932, 65
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Die Fackel
|
1880
|
5,000
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124; Hoerder, ed., 3:407
|
|
|
|
1881
|
5,000
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1882
|
7,150
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1883
|
9,300
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1884
|
10,035
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1885
|
10,000
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1886
|
12,200
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1888
|
7,500
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1890
|
16,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:407; Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1892
|
20,000
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1894
|
24,160
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1895
|
25,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:407
|
|
|
|
1896
|
24,600
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1898
|
19,800
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1900
|
15,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:407; Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1910
|
24,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:407; Bekken, 18
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fraye Arbeter Shtime
|
1890-94
|
3-4,000
|
|
Sanders, 112; Michels, 100
|
Calculated as ½ circ. of Arbayter Tsaytung
|
|
|
1899
|
4,000
|
|
Gordin, 249
|
|
|
|
1904
|
20,000
|
|
Gordin, 294
|
|
|
|
1906
|
20,000
|
|
Gordin, 314
|
|
|
|
1910
|
15,000 s
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1910, 1160
|
|
|
|
1911
|
15,000 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1911, 1210
|
|
|
|
1913
|
12,500 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1913, 637 (too low)
|
|
|
|
1914
|
25,000-30,000 s; 12,500 e
|
15,000
|
Gordin, 314; N. W. Ayer 1914, 650; Graur, 244
|
Ayer estimate far too low
|
|
|
1917
|
12,000 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1917, 1292
|
|
|
|
1918
|
12,000 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1918, 672
|
|
|
|
1920
|
12,000
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism 2:2004; N. W. Ayer 1920, 1300
|
|
|
|
1923
|
7,000 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1923, 1376
|
|
|
|
1924
|
7,000 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1924, 1398
|
|
|
|
1925
|
7,000 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1925, 1419
|
|
|
|
1935
|
5,000 p
|
|
Cohn to Nettlau
|
|
|
|
1940
|
10,000 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1940, 1190
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Di Fraye Gezelshaft (I)
|
1895
|
2,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 2:579
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Di Fraye Gezelshaft (II)
|
1910
|
6,000-8,000 s
|
|
Di Fraye Gezelshaft, January 1910 and May 1910
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Free Society (I)
|
1898
|
1,000
|
|
“New Year Suggestion,” Free Society, 2 January 1898
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Free Society (II)
|
1921
|
1,000+
|
|
Busha
|
1,000 copies delivered to Philadelphia alone
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Freedom (II)
|
1919
|
2,500 s; 2,000 e
|
|
Freedom, April-May 1919; Revolutionary Radicalism 2:20006
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Freedom (III)
|
1933
|
c.2,000 s
|
|
Freedom, 18 March 1933
|
|
|
Freedom (IV)
|
1968
|
'about 500 copies'
|
|
Freedom 21 September 1968
|
|
|
Freiheit
|
1883
|
5,000
|
|
Carlson, 205
|
|
|
|
1884
|
5,000
|
|
Carlson, 205
|
|
|
|
1885
|
5,000
|
|
Carlson, 205
|
|
|
|
1886
|
5,000
|
|
Carlson, 205
|
|
|
|
1892
|
4,300
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:411
|
|
|
|
1894
|
4,300
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1894, 538
|
|
|
|
1896
|
5,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:411
|
|
|
|
1897
|
1897
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1897, 1353
|
|
|
|
1904
|
3,500
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1904, 1458
|
|
|
|
1905
|
3,500
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1905, 1103; Hoerder, ed., 3:411
|
|
|
|
1906
|
5,000
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1906, 1112
|
|
|
|
1907
|
5,000
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1907, 1126
|
|
|
|
1908
|
5,000
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1908, 1131
|
|
|
|
1909
|
4,500
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1909, 1140
|
|
|
|
1910
|
4,250
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1910, 1157; Hoerder, ed., 3:411
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Golos Truda
|
c. 1917
|
c. 2,800
|
|
“Mailing List—‘Golos Truda’—Russian Nihilist Newspaper”
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Golos Truzhenika
|
1920
|
1,500 e
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006
|
|
|
|
1922
|
6,000 s, 700 e
|
|
Davis, 126
|
Probably closer to 1,500
|
|
|
1925
|
1,400 p; 5,000 s
|
|
Maximov to Mrachnyi; De Leon, 11
|
De Leon definitely inflated
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
La Jaquerie
|
1919
|
3,000
|
|
United States Congress, 536
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Khleb i Volia
|
1919
|
4,547
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 1:862
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lampcka
|
1886
|
750
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Land and Liberty
|
1914-1915
|
3,500
|
|
Sandos, 61
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Liberty
|
1890
|
1,000
|
|
Martin, 268
|
|
|
|
1894
|
800
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1894, 543
|
|
|
|
1898
|
750
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1898, 572
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lucifer
|
1884
|
900
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1884, 302
|
|
|
|
1885
|
850
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1885, 311
|
|
|
|
1886
|
850
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1886, 324
|
|
|
|
1888
|
850
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1888, 850
|
|
|
|
1889
|
1,250
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1889, 187
|
|
|
|
1890
|
1,676
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1890, 262
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Luokkataistelu
|
1919
|
5,000
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2005
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Man!
|
1934
|
|
|
Nold
|
“the…paper with the most subscribers”
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Il Martello
|
1919
|
2,500
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2004
|
|
|
|
1923
|
6,500
|
|
Pernicone, Carlo Tresca, 105
|
|
|
|
1924
|
10,500
|
|
Pernicone, Carlo Tresca, 105
|
|
|
|
1929
|
8,000
|
|
Pernicone, Carlo Tresca, 105
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Modern School
|
1920
|
500 e
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mother Earth (I)
|
1906-1917
|
c.3,000-4,000
|
|
Pateman
|
|
|
|
1910
|
6,000
|
|
New York Times, 8 May 1910
|
|
|
|
1917
|
10,000 (special June issue)
|
|
Pateman
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Den Nye Tid
|
1880
|
1,600
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1881
|
1,600
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1882
|
2,000
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1883
|
2,400
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1884
|
2,800
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Di Parole
|
1884-1885
|
2,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:453
|
|
|
|
1888
|
2,200
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:453
|
|
|
|
1890
|
1,600
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:453
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
La Plebe
|
1906-1909
|
3,000+
|
3,000
|
Caminita, 47
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Práce
|
1886-1887
|
500
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 2:253
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
La Questione Sociale (I)
|
1899
|
3,500
|
|
Panofsky, 290
|
|
|
|
1900
|
3,000
|
|
Carey, 291
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Il Refrattario
|
1919
|
2,000
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:852, 2004
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Regeneración
|
1910
|
11,000 s; 17,000 r
|
|
Mother Earth, April 1911; Freedom (London), December 1922
|
|
|
|
1915
|
3,986
|
|
Sandos, 59,
|
|
|
|
1916
|
10,500 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1916, 1286
|
Too high
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Le Rèveil des Mineurs
|
1890-1893
|
5,000
|
|
Creagh, 149
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Road to Freedom
|
1925
|
1,200 s
|
|
De Leon, 26
|
|
|
|
c.1926-1932
|
3,000+
|
3,000
|
Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 432
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
La Sferza
|
1925
|
673+
|
c. 673 subs.
|
Untitled address list given to Germinal by La Sferza, n.d. [1925], Hugo Rolland Archive, IISH, Folder 15.
|
Total circ. of 1,000-1,500?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Spanish Revolution
|
1938
|
7,000 r
|
|
Dolgoff, 19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vanguard
|
c.1936
|
c.3,000 r
|
|
Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 450
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Di Varhayt
|
1889
|
2,500
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 2:654
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Der Verbote
|
1880
|
5,000
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1881
|
6,000
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1882
|
6,500
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1883
|
7,000
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1884
|
7,115
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1885
|
8,000
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124; Hoerder, ed., 3:492
|
|
|
|
1886
|
8,000
|
|
Nelson, Beyond, 124
|
|
|
|
1888
|
5,000
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1890
|
3,150
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1892
|
3,575
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1894
|
4,000
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1896
|
7,300
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1898
|
6,150
|
|
Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
1900
|
5,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:492; Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Volné Listy
|
1910
|
4,500
|
|
New York Times, 8 May 1910
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
War Commentary
|
1944
|
3,500 to 5000
|
|
Home Office 16/2/44. HO_45_25553_157
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Woman Rebel
|
1914
|
2,000+
|
2,000 sub. r
|
Sanger, 109
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Word
|
1880
|
1,050 e
|
|
Ayer 1880, 295
|
|
|
|
1881
|
1,200 s
|
|
Ayer 1881, 36
|
|
|
|
1882
|
1,300 s
|
|
Ayer 1882, 34
|
|
|
|
1883
|
1,300 e
|
|
Ayer 1883, 35
|
|
|
|
1884
|
1,300 e
|
|
Ayer 1884, 35
|
|
|
|
1885
|
2,050 s
|
|
Ayer 1885, 37
|
|
|
|
1886
|
2,050 s
|
|
Ayer 1886, 37
|
|
|
|
1888
|
2,050 s
|
|
Ayer 1888, 225
|
|
|
|
1889
|
2,025 s
|
|
Ayer 1889, 230
|
|
|
|
1890
|
2,040 s
|
|
Ayer 1890, 319
|
|
|
|
1893
|
2,040 e
|
|
Ayer 1893, 339
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Die Zukunft
|
1885
|
2,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:504
|
|
Total American Anarchist Periodicals in Print, 1880-1940
Note: Only publications which lasted more than three issues have been included. Some end dates ferfer to the year a publication ceased to be anarchist in orientation. Additons and corrections are welcome.
| Publication |
Language |
Location |
Began |
Ended |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung |
German |
Chicago |
1879 |
1910 |
| Die Fackel |
German |
Chicago |
1879 |
1910 |
| Den Nye Tid |
Danish |
Chicago |
1877 |
1884 |
| Der Verbote |
German |
Chicago |
1874 |
1910 |
| The Word |
English |
Princeton, MA |
1872 |
1893 |
| Liberty |
English |
Boston; New York |
1881 |
1908 |
| Freiheit |
German |
New York |
1882 |
1910 |
| Budoucnost |
Czech |
Chicago |
1883 |
1886 |
| Lucifer |
English |
Valley Falls, KS; Topeka, KS; Chicago |
1883 |
1907 |
| The Alarm (I) |
English |
Chicago; New York |
1884 |
1889 |
| Der Arme Teufel |
German |
Detroit |
1884 |
1900 |
| Die Parole |
German |
St. Louis |
1884 |
1891? |
| Die Zukunft |
German |
Philadelphia |
1884 |
1885? |
| Lampcka |
Czech |
Chicago |
1885 |
1886 |
| Der Torpille (cont. as Le Rèveil des Masses) |
French |
Newfoundland, PA |
1885 |
1887 |
| Der Anarchist (I) |
German |
Chicago |
1886 |
1886 |
| Práce |
Czech |
Chicago |
1886 |
1887 |
| L'Anarchico |
Italian |
New York |
1888 |
1888 |
| Fair Play (I) |
English |
Kansas City; Sioux City |
1888 |
1891 |
| Libertas |
German |
Boston |
1888 |
1888 |
| Le Rèveil des Masses (cont. as Le Rèveil des Mineurs) |
French |
New York; Newfoundland, PA |
1888 |
1890 |
| Di Varhayt |
Yiddish |
New York |
1889 |
1889 |
| Der Anarchist (II) |
German |
St. Louis; New York |
1889 |
1895 |
| New Jersey Freie Presse |
German |
Newark, NJ |
1889 |
1890 |
| Egoism |
English |
Oakland, CA |
1890 |
1898 |
| Fraye Arbeter Shtime |
Yiddish |
New York |
1890 |
1977 |
| Der Morgenshtern |
Yiddish |
New York |
1890 |
1890 |
| Le Rèveil des Mineurs (cont. as L'Ami des Ourvriers) |
French |
Hastings, PA |
1890 |
1893 |
| Volné Listy |
Czech |
New York |
1890 |
1917 |
| El Despertar |
Spanish |
New York |
1891 |
1902 |
| Solidarity |
English |
New York |
1892 |
1898 |
| Die Brandfackel |
German |
New York |
1893 |
1894 |
| Dĕlnické Listy |
Czech |
New York |
1893 |
1898 |
| L'Ami des Ourvriers |
French |
Hastings, PA |
1894 |
1896 |
| El Esclavo |
Spanish |
Tampa |
1894 |
1898 |
| Freie Wacht! |
German |
Philadelphia |
1894 |
1895 |
| Gazeta Robotnicza |
Polish |
Chicago |
1894 |
1894 |
| Secolo Nuovo |
Italian |
San Francisco |
1894 |
1906 |
| Duch Volnosti |
Czech |
Chicago |
1895 |
1895 |
| The Firebrand (cont. as Free Society) |
English |
Portland, OR |
1895 |
1897 |
| Di Fraye Gezelshaft (I) |
Yiddish |
New York |
1895 |
1900 |
| La Questione Sociale (I) (cont. as L'Era Nuova |
Italian |
Paterson, NJ |
1895 |
1908 |
| The Rebel |
English |
Boston |
1895 |
1896 |
| Der Kämpfer |
German |
St. Louis |
1896 |
1896 |
| Sturmglocke |
German |
Chicago |
1896 |
1896 |
| Free Society (I) |
English |
San Francisco; Chicago; New York |
1897 |
1904 |
| Sturmvogel |
German |
New York |
1897 |
1899 |
| Discontent (cont. as The Demonstrator) |
English |
Home, WA |
1898 |
1902 |
| Anarchistas |
Lithuanian |
Chicago |
1899 |
1899 |
| L'Aurora (I) |
Italian |
West Hoboken, NJ |
1899 |
1901 |
| Germinal |
French |
Paterson, NJ |
1899 |
1902 |
| The Free Comrade (I) |
English |
Wellesly, MA |
1900 |
1902 |
| Kurejas |
Lithuanian |
Chicago |
1900 |
1900 |
| La Protesta Umana |
Italian |
San Francisco; Chicago |
1900 |
1905 |
| La Reforma Social |
Spanish |
El Paso, TX |
1900 |
1905 |
| La Voce dello Schiavo/La Voz del Esclavo |
Italian/Spanish |
Tampa |
1900 |
1901 |
| Wolfsaugen |
German |
St. Louis |
1900 |
1901? |
| L'Alba Sociale |
Italian |
Tampa |
1901 |
1901 |
| Mephisto |
German |
St. Louis |
1901 |
1902 |
| Der Zeitgeist |
German |
New York |
1901 |
1901 |
| Winn's Firebrand |
English |
Mount Juliet, TN; Sweden, TX |
1902 |
1910 |
| Der Zigeuner |
German |
Chicago |
1902 |
1902? |
| El Clarion del Norte |
Spanish |
El Paso, TX |
1903 |
1907 |
| Cronaca Sovversiva |
Italian |
Barre, VT; Lynn, MA |
1903 |
1919 |
| The Demonstrator (cont. as The Agitator) |
English |
Home, WA |
1903 |
1908 |
| El Liberal |
Spanish |
Del Rio, TX |
1905 |
1911 |
| The Liberator |
English |
Chicago |
1905 |
1906 |
| Die Abend Zeitung |
Yiddish |
New York |
1906 |
1906 |
| Der Anarkhist |
Yiddish |
Philadelphia |
1906 |
1906 |
| The Emancipator |
English |
San Francisco |
1906 |
1907 |
| Fair Play (II) |
English |
New York |
1906 |
1908 |
| Mother Earth (I) |
English |
New York |
1906 |
1917 |
| La Plebe |
Italian |
New Kensington, PA; Pittsburgh |
1906 |
1909 |
| Dos freie Wort |
German |
New York |
1907 |
1907 |
| Köyhälistön Tahto |
Finnish |
Quincy, MA |
1907 |
1907 |
| Resurrección |
Spanish |
San Antonio, TX |
1907 |
1907 |
| Revolución |
Spanish |
Los Angeles |
1907 |
1908 |
| La Voz de la Mujer |
Spanish |
El Paso, TX |
1907 |
1907 |
| Brīvība |
Latvian |
New York |
1908 |
1913 |
| Cogito, Ergo Sum |
Italian/French/English |
San Francisco |
1908 |
1908 |
| L'Era Nuova |
Italian |
Paterson, NJ |
1908 |
1917 |
| Reforma, Libertad y Justicia |
Spanish |
Austin, TX |
1908 |
1908 |
| Sorgiamo! |
Italian |
New York |
1908 |
1909 |
| L'Internazionale |
Italian |
Philadelphia |
1909 |
1909 |
| Komunistas |
Lithuanian |
Chicago |
1909 |
1910 |
| Volja |
Serbian |
San Francisco |
1909 |
1909 |
| The Agitator (cont'd as The Syndicalist) |
English |
Home, WA |
1910 |
1912 |
| L'Avvenire |
Italian |
Steubenville, OH; New Kensington, PA; Pittsburgh; New York |
1910 |
1917 |
| La Comune |
Italian |
Philadelphia |
1910 |
1915 |
| Di Fraye Gezelshaft (II) |
Yiddish |
New York |
1910 |
1911 |
| The Free Comrade (II) |
English |
Wellesly, MA |
1910 |
1912 |
| Freedom (I) |
English |
San Francisco |
1910 |
1911 |
| Novatore |
Italian |
New York |
1910 |
1911 |
| Regeneración |
Spanish |
Los Angeles |
1910 |
1918 |
| Der Strom |
German |
New York |
1910 |
1912 |
| Tiesa |
Lithuanian |
Chicago |
1910 |
1910 |
| The Advance |
English |
Mount Juliet, TN |
1911 |
1912 |
| Il Contro-pelo |
Italian |
Barre, VT |
1911 |
1912 |
| Cultura Obrera |
Spanish |
New York |
1911 |
1927 |
| Dos Fraye Vort |
Yiddish |
New York |
1911 |
1911 |
| Golos Truda |
Russian |
New York |
1911 |
1917 |
| Laisvoji Žmonija |
Lithuanian |
Chicago |
1911 |
1913 |
| Melnais Karogs |
Latvian |
New York |
1911 |
1914 |
| Revolt (I) |
Swedish? |
Chicago |
1911 |
1916 |
| Brazo y Cerebro |
Spanish |
New York |
1912 |
1914 |
| The Modern School |
English |
New York; Stelton, NJ |
1912 |
1922 |
| Di Frayhayt |
Yiddish |
New York |
1913 |
1914 |
| Pluma Roja |
Spanish |
Los Angeles |
1913 |
1915 |
| La Rivolta |
Italian |
Madison, IL |
1913 |
1914 |
| The Social War |
English |
New York |
1913 |
1913 |
| The Syndicalist |
English |
Chicago |
1913 |
1913 |
| Zherminal |
Yiddish |
New York |
1913 |
1916? |
| Corriere Libertario |
Italian |
Barre, VT |
1914 |
1915 |
| Internationale Arbeiter-Chronik |
German |
New York |
1914 |
1914 |
| Land and Liberty |
English |
Hayward, CA; San Francisco |
1914 |
1915 |
| La Questione Sociale (II) |
Italian |
New York |
1914 |
1916 |
| The Woman Rebel |
English |
New York |
1914 |
1914 |
| The Alarm (II) |
English |
Chicago |
1915 |
1916 |
| L'Allarme |
Italian |
Chicago |
1915 |
1917 |
| Di Fraye Tsukunft |
Yiddish |
New York |
1915 |
1916 |
| L'Appello |
Italian |
Cleveland |
1916 |
1917 |
| The Blast |
English |
San Francisco |
1916 |
1917 |
| Il Martello |
Italian |
New York |
1916 |
1946 |
| Vostochnaia Zaria |
Russian |
Pittsburgh |
1916 |
1916 |
| Revolt (II) |
English |
New York |
1916 |
1916 |
| La Riscossa (I) |
Italian |
Brooklyn |
1916 |
1917 |
| Rabochaia Mysl' |
Russian |
New York |
1916 |
1917 |
| L'Uomo Nuovo |
Italian |
New York |
1916 |
1917 |
| Mother Earth Bulletin |
English |
New York |
1917 |
1918 |
| Der Shturm |
Yiddish |
New York |
1917 |
1918 |
| The Social War |
English |
Chicago |
1917 |
1917 |
| L'Anarchica/Il Diritto/Il Refrattario |
Italian |
New York; Providence, RI |
1918 |
1919 |
| Frayhayt |
Yiddish |
New York |
1918 |
1918 |
| Kolokol |
Russian |
New York |
1918 |
1918 |
| Nabat |
Russian |
New York |
1918 |
1918 |
| Robochii i Krest'ianin |
Russian |
New York |
1918 |
1919 |
| The Social War Bulletin |
English |
New York |
1918 |
1918 |
| The Anarchist Soviet Bullettin |
English |
New York |
1919 |
1920 |
| Il Bollettino de L’Era Nuova |
Italian |
Paterson, NJ |
1919 |
1919 |
| Domani |
Italian |
Brooklyn |
1919 |
1919 |
| Ego |
English |
Clinton, IA |
1919? |
1923? |
| The Free Spirit |
English |
New York; Berkeley Heights, NJ |
1919 |
1921 |
| Freedom (II) |
English |
New York; Stelton, NJ |
1919 |
1919 |
| La Jacquerie |
Italian |
Paterson, NJ |
1919 |
1919 |
| Khleb i Volia |
Russian |
New York |
1919 |
1919 |
| L'Ordine |
Italian |
New York |
1919 |
1920 |
| L'Agitazione |
Italian |
Boston |
1920 |
1925 |
| Amerikanskie Izvestiia |
Russian |
New York |
1920 |
1924 |
| Free Society (II) |
English |
New York |
1920 |
1922 |
| Volna |
Russian |
New York |
1920 |
1924 |
| Burevestnik |
Russian |
New York |
1921 |
1922 |
| The Egoist |
English |
Clinton, IA |
1921? |
1925? |
| L'Adunata dei Refrattari |
Italian |
New York |
1922 |
1971 |
| La Frusta dei Cloak-Makers |
Italian |
New York |
1922 |
1924 |
| Germinal (I) |
French |
Chicago |
1922 |
1923 |
| Vilna hromada |
Ukrainian |
New York |
1922 |
1922 |
| La Difesa |
Italian |
New York |
1923 |
1924 |
| La Rivolta degli Angeli |
Italian |
New York |
1923 |
1926 |
| Volia Ukrainy |
Ukrainian |
Newark, NJ |
1923 |
1923 |
| The Road to Freedom |
English |
Stelton, NJ; New York |
1924 |
1932 |
| La Sferza |
Italian |
Westfield, NJ |
1924 |
1925 |
| Umanità Nova |
Italian |
New York |
1924 |
1925 |
| La Scopa |
Italian |
Paterson, NJ |
1925 |
1928 |
| Der Yunyon Arbeter |
Yiddish |
New York |
1925 |
1927 |
| Germinal (II) |
Italian |
Chicago |
1926 |
1930 |
| Rassvet |
Russian |
New York; Chicago |
1926 |
1927 |
| Delu Truda |
Russian |
Chicago; New York |
1927 |
1939 |
| Cultura Proletaria |
Spanish |
New York |
1927 |
1953 |
| L'Emancipazione |
Italian |
San Francisco |
1927 |
1932 |
| P'ing-teng |
Chinese |
San Francisco |
1927 |
1929 |
| Probuzhdenie |
Russian |
Detroit |
1927 |
1939 |
| L'Aurora (II) |
Italian |
Boston |
1928 |
1930 |
| Eresia |
Italian |
New York |
1928 |
1932 |
| The Rising Youth |
English |
New York |
1928 |
1929 |
| Alba |
Italian |
Pittsburgh |
1929 |
1931 |
| Tierra! |
Spanish |
New York |
1930 |
1930? |
| The Clarion |
English |
New York |
1932 |
1934 |
| Vanguard |
English |
New York |
1932 |
1939 |
| Freedom (III) |
English |
New York |
1933 |
1934 |
| Man! |
English |
San Francisco |
1933 |
1940 |
| Mother Earth (II) |
English |
Craryville, NY; Stelton, NJ |
1933 |
1934 |
| Wu-cheng-fu kung-ch'an yüeh-k'an |
Chinese |
San Francisco |
1934 |
1934 |
| Spanish Revolution |
English |
New York |
1936 |
1938 |
| La Riscossa (II) |
Italian/Spanish |
Tampa |
1936 |
1941 |
| Discussion |
English |
Detroit |
1937 |
1938 |
| Challenge |
English |
New York |
1938 |
1939 |
| Gegen den Strom |
German |
New York |
1938 |
1939 |
| Il Pensiero |
Italian |
New York |
1938 |
1939 |
| Intesa Libertaria |
Italian |
New York |
1939 |
1940 |
Bibliography
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Avrich, Paul. Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Bekken, Jon. "The First Anarchist Daily Newspaper: The Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung," Anarchist Studies 3 (1995), 3-23.
Berman, Paul. “The Torch and the Axe: The Unknown Aftermath of the Sacco-Vanzetti Affair.” The Village Voice, 17 May 1988.
[Bluestein], Abe to Molly [Steimer] & Senya [Fléchine], 3 June 1938. Senya Fléchine Papers, folder 9, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Busha, S. “Free Society.” 25 February 1921. National Archives and Records Administration, Bureau of Investigation Records, File 202600-1081.
Caminita, Ludovico. “Twenty Years of Experience in the Radical Movement,” n.d. [c. 1923], unpublished manuscript, National Archives and Records Administration, Bureau of Investigation Records, File 61-115.
Carey,George. “‘La Questione Sociale,’ an Anarchist Newspaper in Paterson, New Jersey (1895-1908).” In Lydio Tomasi, ed., Italian Americans: New Perspectives in Italian Immigration and Ethnicity. Staten Island: Center for Migration Studies, 1985.
Carlson, Andrew R. Anarchism in Germany: The Early Movement. Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press, 1872.
Cartosio, Bruno. "Italian Workers and Their Press in the United States, 1900-1920." In Christian Harzig and Dirk Hoerder, eds., The Press of Labor Migrants in Europe and North America, 1880s to 1930s (Bremen: Publications of the Labor Newspaper Preservation Archive, 1985), 423-42.
Cohn, Michel A. to [Max] Nettlau, 8 February 1935. Max Nettlau Papers, folder 307, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Creagh, Ronald. “Socialism in America: The French-speaking Coal Miners in the Late Nineteenth Century.” In Marianne Debouzy, ed. In the Shadow of the Statue of Liberty: Immigrants, Workers, and Citizens in the American Republic, 1880-1920. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992, 143-156.
Davis, Jerome. The Russian Immigrant. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1922.
De Leon, Solon, ed. American Labor Press Directory. New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1925.
Dolgoff, Sam. Fragments: A Memoir. Cambridge: Refract Publications, 1986.
Ghormley, Kenneth O. “The L.F.D.B.A. Celebrates Its Centennial: Anarchy at Home.” The Fortnightly Club of Redlands, California. Online at <http://www.redlandsfortnightly.org/papers/ghorm99.htm>. (Accessed 1/22/08)
Gogura, Heather. “The Agitator,” The Labor Press Project. Online at <http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/laborpress/Agitator.htm>. (Accessed 1/22/08)
Gordin, Abba. Sh. Yanovsky: zayn lebn, kemfn un shafn, 1864-1939. Los Angeles: Sh. Yanovksy Odenk Komitet, 1957.
Graur, Mina. An Anarchist “Rabbi”: The Life and Teachings of Rudolf Rocker. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
Hoerder, Dirk (with Christiane Harzig), ed. The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s: An Annotated Bibliography. 3 vols. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987.
“Mailing List—‘Golos Truda’—Russian Nihilist Newspaper.” n.d. [c.1917]. National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, File 54235/36-C.
Martin, James J. Men against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827-1908. De Kalb: Adrian Allen Associates, 1953.
Maximov, Grigorii Petrovich to Mark Mrachnyi, 22 June 1925. Mark Mrachnyi Papers, Joseph A. Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Michels, Tony. A Fire in Their Hearts: Yiddish Socialists in New York. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005.
N. W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1885-1909.
N. W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual Directory. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1910-1929.
N. W. Ayer & Son’s Directory of Newspapers and Periodicals. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1930-1940.
Nelson, Bruce C. “Arbeiterpresse und Arbeiterbewegung: Chicago’s Socialist and Anarchist Press, 1870-1900.” In Elliot Shore, Ken Fones-Wolf, & James P. Danky, eds., The German-American Radical Press: The Shaping of a Left Political Culture, 1850-1940. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992, 81-107.
Nelson, Bruce C. Beyond the Martyrs: A Social History of Chicago’s Anarchists, 1870-1900. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988.
Nold, Carl. “For Man!” Man! January 1934.
Oestreicher, Richard. “Robert Reitzel, Der Arme Teufel.” In Elliot Shore, Ken Fones-Wolf, & James P. Danky, eds., The German-American Radical Press: The Shaping of a Left Political Culture, 1850-1940. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992, 147-67.
Panofsky, Gianna S. “A View of Two Major Centers of Italian Anarchism in the United States: Spring Valley and Chicago, Illinois.” In Dominic Candeloro, Fred L. Gardaphe, & Paolo A. Giordano, eds., Italian Ethnics: Their Languages, Literature and Lives. Staten Island: The American Historical Association, 1990, 271-296.
Pateman, Barry.
Pernicone, Nunzio. Carlo Tresca: Portrait of a Rebel. New York: Palgarve Macmillan, 2005.
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Revolutionary Radicalism: Its History, Purpose and Tactics with an Exposition and Discussion of the Steps Being Taken and Required and Curb It, Being the Report of the Joint Committee Investigating Seditious Activities, Filed April 24, 1920, in the Senate of the State of New York. 4 vols. Albany: J. B. Lyon, 1920.
Sanders, Ronald. The Downtown Jews: Portraits of an Immigrant Generation. New York: Harper & Row, 1969.
Sandos, James A. Rebellion in the Borderlands: Anarchism and the Plan of San Diego, 1904-1923. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992.
Sanger, Margaret. Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company 1938.
United States Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Rules. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges Made Against Department of Justice by Luis F. Post and Others. 66th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920.
Veysey, Laurence. The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Counter-Cultures in Twentieth Century America. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.
IWW Periodical Circulation Figures, 1905-1940
compiled by Kenyon Zimmer
Key:
e = estimate
s = self-reported
r = recollection
p = private correspondence
|
Title
|
Year(s)
|
Circulation
|
Subscribers
|
Source
|
Notes
|
|
Ahjo
|
1919
|
500 e
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bérmunkás
|
1925
|
6,000 s
|
|
De Leon, 11
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Fellow Worker
|
1920
|
12,000
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2004
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Felszabadulas
|
1919
|
800 e
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Golos Truzhenika
|
1919
|
1,500 e
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006
|
|
|
|
1922
|
700 e, 6,000 s
|
|
Davis, 126
|
Probably closer to 1,500
|
|
|
1925
|
1,400 p; 5,000 s
|
|
Maximov to Mrachnyi; De Leon, 11
|
De Leon definitely inflated
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Industrial Pioneer
|
1925
|
12,500 s
|
|
De Leon, 11
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Industrial Solidarity
|
1924
|
16,000 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1924, 230
|
Too high
|
|
|
1925
|
8,000 s; 16,000 e
|
|
De Leon, 11; N. W. Ayer 1925, 237
|
Ayer too high
|
|
|
1926
|
15,000 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1926, 241
|
Definitely too high
|
|
|
1927
|
5,000-6,500
|
|
“Minutes of Regular Session,” 13-14
|
|
|
|
1928
|
3,400; 4,000
|
|
“Minutes of Regular Session,” 13-14
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Industrial Union Bulletin
|
1907
|
7,000
|
|
Brissenden, 184
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Industrial Unionist [IWW (EP)]
|
1925
|
4,500 s
|
|
De Leon, 11
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Industrial Worker
|
1911
|
4,000
|
|
Foner, 4:150
|
|
|
|
1912
|
c.9,000
|
|
Foner, 4:150
|
|
|
|
1917
|
11,500
|
|
Foner, 4:150
|
|
|
|
1925
|
5,000 s
|
|
De Leon, 12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Industrialisti
|
1919
|
500 e
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006
|
Way too low
|
|
|
1920
|
10,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 1:215
|
|
|
|
1923
|
8,450
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1923, 1365
|
|
|
|
1925
|
9,000 s
|
|
De Leon, 11
|
|
|
|
1927
|
8,823
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1927, 1429
|
|
|
|
1929
|
9,800
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1929, 1356
|
|
|
|
1930
|
9,000 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1930, 1256
|
|
|
|
1931
|
9,000 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1931, 1231
|
|
|
|
1932
|
8,722
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1932, 1204
|
|
|
|
1933
|
8,722 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1933, 1202
|
|
|
|
1934
|
7,850 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1934, 1170
|
|
|
|
1935
|
8,250
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1935, 1165
|
|
|
|
1936
|
8,250 e
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1936, 1161
|
|
|
|
1940
|
6,200
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1940, 1249
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Industriele Arbayter Shtime
|
1920
|
5,000 e
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2004
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jedna Velka Unie
|
1920
|
250 e
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006
|
Way too low
|
|
|
1924
|
1,400
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 2:247
|
|
|
|
1925
|
3,000 s
|
|
De Leon, 12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Klassenkampf
|
1919
|
5,000
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2004
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Luokkataistelu
|
1919
|
5,000
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2005
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Marine Worker
|
1925
|
25,000 s
|
|
De Leon, 12
|
Inflated?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Muncitorul
|
1919
|
150 e
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
La Nueva Solidaridad
|
1919
|
500 e
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006
|
probably too low; see Solidaridad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The New Solidarity
|
1919
|
1,500
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Il Nuovo Proletario
|
1919
|
1,000
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006
|
This seems too low; see Il Proletario
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
One Big Union Monthly
|
1919
|
6,000 e
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Proletaras
|
1919
|
2,000
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Il Proletario
|
1900
|
3,000
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:102
|
|
|
|
1916
|
7,800
|
|
Hoerder, ed., 3:102
|
|
|
|
1925
|
7,000 s
|
|
De Leon, 12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rabotnicheska Misul
|
1919
|
100 e
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Rebel Worker
|
1919
|
12,000
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:1211
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Solidaridad
|
1925
|
7,500 s
|
|
De Leon, 12
|
|
|
|
1926
|
7,000
|
|
N. W. Ayer 1926, 1418
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Solidarity
|
1912
|
12,000 s
|
|
Foner, 4:150
|
Foner unsure of reliability of this figure
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tie Vapauteen
|
1919
|
5,000
|
|
Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2004
|
|
|
|
1920
|
5,500; 3,500
|
|
Brown
|
|
|
|
1921
|
6,500
|
|
Brown
|
|
|
|
1925
|
8,000 s
|
|
De Leon, 12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Voice of the People
|
1913
|
1,500 r
|
|
Hall, 169
|
|
Total IWW Periodicals in Print, 1905-1940
Note: Some start and end dates refer to the year a publication became or ceased to be an IWW paper. Additions and corrections are welcome.
| Publication |
Language |
Location |
Began |
Ended |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Il Proletario |
Italian |
New York |
1905 |
1942 |
| Il Lavoratore Industriale |
Italian |
New York |
1906? |
1907? |
| Industrial Union Bulletin |
English |
Chicago |
1907 |
1909 |
| Industrial Worker (I) |
English |
Spokane; Seattle |
1909 |
1931 |
| L'Emancipation |
French |
Lawrence, MA; Olneyville, RI |
1911 |
1912 |
| Solidarity (I) (cont'd as Defense News Bulletin) |
English |
Cleveland |
1911 |
1917 |
|
|
Hungarian |
Chicago |
1912 |
1946 |
| Der Weckruf |
German |
Chciago |
1912 |
1915? |
| The Wooden Shoe |
English |
Los Angeles |
1912 |
1914? |
| Huelga General |
Spanish |
Los Angeles |
1913 |
1914 |
| The Lumber Worker/Voice of the People |
English |
Alexandria, LA; New Orleans; Portland |
1913 |
1914? |
| Průmyslový Dĕlník |
Czech |
Cleveland?/Chicago? |
1913 |
1915 |
| Solidárność |
Polish |
Chicago |
1913 |
1917 |
| Darbiniku Balsas (sp) |
Lithuanian |
Baltimore; Chicago |
1914 |
1919 |
| Haidamaky |
Russian |
New York |
1914 |
1916 |
| El Obrero Industrial |
Spanish |
Tampa |
1914 |
1914 |
| Allarm |
Swedish |
Minneapolis |
1915 |
1917? |
| Rabochaia riech' |
Russian |
Chicago |
1915 |
1915? |
| El Rebelde |
Spanish |
Los Angeles |
1915 |
1917 |
| Der Yaker |
Yiddish |
Brooklyn |
1915 |
1915? |
| Teollisuustyöläinen |
Finnish |
Duluth, MN |
1916 |
1917 |
| Buoreviestnik |
Bulgarian |
Chicago |
1917 |
1917? |
| Defense News Bulletin (cont'd as New Solidarity) |
English |
Chicago |
1917 |
1918 |
| Industrialisti |
Finnish |
Duluth, MN |
1917 |
1975 |
| Ipari Munkás |
Hungarian |
Chicago |
1917 |
1917 |
| Rabotnicheska Misul |
Bulgarian |
Chicago |
1917 |
1917 |
| Rabotnik |
Bulgarian |
Chicago |
1917 |
1917 |
| Uj Taradalom |
Hungarian |
Chicago |
1917 |
1917 |
| Védelem |
Hungarian |
New York |
1917? |
1917? |
| Cal Defense Bulletin |
English |
San Francisco |
1918 |
1918? |
| Defensa obrera |
Spanish |
Chicago |
1918 |
1918? |
| A Felszabádulás |
Hungarian |
Chicago |
1918 |
1925? |
| Golos Truzhenika |
Russian |
Chicago |
1918 |
1927 |
| The Industrial Unionist |
English |
Seattle |
1919 |
1919? |
| The Labor Defender |
English |
New York |
1918 |
1918 |
| The New Unionist |
English |
Seattle |
1918 |
1918? |
| La Nueva Solidaridad |
Spanish |
Chicago |
1918 |
1919 |
| The Negro Worker |
English |
New York |
1918 |
1918? |
| Il Nuovo Proletario |
Italian |
Chicago |
1918 |
1919 |
| The New Solidarity |
English |
Chicago |
1918 |
1920 |
| Rebel Worker |
English |
New York |
1918 |
1919 |
| Ahjo |
Finnish |
Duluth, MN |
1919? |
1919? |
| Glas Radnika |
Croatian |
Chicago |
1919? |
1922? |
| One Big Union Monthly (cont'd as Industrial Pioneer) |
English |
Chicago |
1919 |
1938 |
| Rabotnicheska Probuda |
Bulgarian |
Chicago |
1919 |
1920 |
| Der Industrialer Arbayter |
Yiddish |
Chicago |
1919 |
1919? |
| Muncitorul |
Romanian |
Chicago |
1919? |
1919? |
| Nya Världen |
Swedish |
Chicago |
1919 |
1919 |
| Proletaras |
Lithuanian |
Chicago |
1919 |
1923 |
| Solidaridad |
Spanish |
Chicago; New York |
1919 |
1930 |
| Der Klassen-Kampf |
German |
Chicago |
1919 |
1920 |
| Klassenkampf |
Yiddish |
New York |
1919? |
1919? |
| Het Licht |
Flemish |
Lawrence, MA |
1919? |
1919? |
| Luokkataistelu |
Finnish |
New York |
1919 |
1919 |
| A Luz |
Portuguese |
New Bedford, MA |
1919? |
1919? |
| Ragione Nuova |
Italian |
Providence, RI |
1919? |
1919? |
| Solidaridet |
Swedish |
Seattle |
1919? |
1919? |
| Textile Worker |
English |
Paterson |
1919? |
1919? |
| Trudovaia Mysl' |
Russian |
Chicago |
1919 |
1919 |
| Tie Vapauteen |
Finnish |
New York |
1919 |
1929 |
| La Union Industrial |
Spanish |
Pheonix |
1919? |
1919? |
| Fellow Worker |
English |
New York |
1920 |
1920? |
| Industriele Arbayter Shtime |
Yiddish |
New York |
1920 |
1920 |
| Jedna Velká Unie |
Czech |
Chicago |
1920 |
1931 |
| Solidarity (II) |
English |
Chicago |
1920 |
1921 |
| Industrial Pioneer |
English |
Chicago |
1921 |
1926 |
| Industrial Solidarity |
English |
Chicago |
1921 |
1931 |
| The Marine Worker |
English |
New York |
1921 |
1936 |
| Industrialen Rabotnik |
Finnish |
Chicago |
1924 |
1924 |
| Industri-Arbetaren |
Swedish/Norwegian |
Seattle |
1924 |
1925 |
| Industrial Unionist (IWW [EP]) |
English |
Portland, OR |
1925 |
1926 |
| Industrijalni Radnik |
Croation |
Chicago; Duluth |
1925? |
1925? |
| Railroad Workers' Bulletin |
English |
Chicago |
1925? |
1925? |
| New Unionist (IWW [EP]) |
English |
Los Angeles |
1927 |
1931 |
| Machine Age |
English |
New York |
1929 |
1929? |
| Industrial Worker (II) |
English |
Chicago |
1931 |
1938 |
| Workers Defense |
English |
Chicago |
1931 |
1932 |
| The Young Recruit |
English |
Detroit |
1932 |
1932? |
| The Rip-Tide |
English |
Houston |
1935 |
1935? |
| One Big Union Bulletin |
English |
Cleveland |
1935 |
1935? |
| One Big Union Advocate |
English |
New York |
1939 |
1939? |
| Darbunuku Balas |
Hungarian |
? |
? |
? |
| Snaga Radnika |
Croatian |
Chicago |
? |
? |
| Povenetakaya Sveada [sp?] |
Russian |
Chicago |
? |
? |
| Il Lavoratore Industriale |
Italian |
New York |
1906? |
? |
Bibliography
Brissenden, Paul Frederick. The I.W.W.: A Study of American Syndicalism. New York: Columbia University, 1919.
Brown, Roy. “‘High Spots of the 13th IWW Convention.” Industrial Pioneer, June 1921.
Davis, Jerome. The Russian Immigrant. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1922.
De Leon, Solon, ed. American Labor Press Directory. New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1925.
Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States, vol. 4, The Industrial Workers of the World, 1905-1917. New York: International Publishers, 1956.
Hall, Covington. Labor Struggles in the Deep South & Other Writings. Ed. David R. Roediger. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1999.
Hoerder, Dirk (with Christiane Harzig), ed. The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s: An Annotated Bibliography. 3 vols. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987.
Maximov, Grigorii Petrovich to Mark Mrachnyi, 22 June 1925. Mark Mrachnyi Papers, Joseph A. Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Miles, Dione. Something in Common: An IWW Bibliography. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1986.
“Minutes of Regular Session of the General Executive Board of the Industrial Workers of the World.” 15-23 March 1928. Industrial Workers of the World Collection, box 7, folder 14, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University.
N. W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1869-1909.
N. W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual Directory. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1910-1929.
N. W. Ayer & Son’s Directory of Newspapers and Periodicals. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1930-1940.
Revolutionary Radicalism: Its History, Purpose and Tactics with an Exposition and Discussion of the Steps Being Taken and Required and Curb It, Being the Report of the Joint Committee Investigating Seditious Activities, Filed April 24, 1920, in the Senate of the State of New York. 4 vols. Albany: J. B. Lyon, 1920.
A Note on IWW and Other Periodicals Edited by Anarchists
Anarchists edited more than a dozen IWW publications—many of which were explicitly anarchist in outlook—before 1940, and in 1919-20 these had a combined circulation of over 23,000. They included the Finnish Luokkataistelu (Class Struggle, 1919) edited by Gus Alonen; and the Lithuanian Darbiniku Balsas (The Workers’ Voice, 1914-19) and Proletaras (Proletarian, 1919-23), both edited by the longtime anarchist Juozas Laukys. The Bulgarian Rabotnicheska Misul (Worker’s Thought) was edited by self-described Tolstoyan anarcho-syndicalist George Andreytchine (who later fled to Russia where he became a Communist and briefly served as the American representative on the Profintern), and its successor, Rabotnicheska Probuda (Worker’s Awakening, 1919-20), had its second-class matter status revoked by the authorities for its anarchist content. Spanish-speaking anarchists Herminio Gonzales and Aurelio Vicente Azuara edited Tampa’s El Obrero Industial (The Industrial Worker, 1914) and Los Angeles’ El Rebelde (The Rebel, 1915-17), respectively, and exiled Russian anarcho-syndicalist leader G. P. Maximoff, took over editorship of Golos Truzhenika (Toiler’s Voice, 1918-27) in 1924. Meanwhile, Swedish anarcho-syndicalist John Sandgren edited both Nya Världen (The New World, 1919) and the English-language One Big Union Monthly from 1919-20, until his outspoken criticisms of the Russian Bolshevik regime, based on reports in the European anarchist press, resulted in his removal. His fellow Swedish anarchist Gustav E. Bergman, however, later edited Seattle’s Industri-Arbetaren (Industrial Worker, 1924-25), while birth-control advocate and Socialist-turned-anarchist Frederick A. Blossom edited The Labor Defender (1918).
Other trade union papers edited by anarchists include the International Ladie's Garment Workers' Union organ Justice, edited by longtime Fraye Arbeter Shtime editor Saul Yanovsky beginning in 1919, then by fellow Jewish anarchist Simon Farber. The Hotel Worker, paper of the revolutionary syndicalist International Federation of Workers in the Hotel, Restaurant, Club, and Catering Industries, was edited by the anarchist Jack Isaacson, and had a circulation of 15,000 in 1920 and 7,000 in 1925 (Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2004; De Leon, 10). Within the Yiddish-language press Philadelphia's Di Idishe Velt (The Jewish World, 1914-42) was founded and edited by socialists and anarchists in its early years, and Russian Revolution veteran Abba Gordin edited the literary journal Yidishe Shriftn (Yiddish Writing, 1936-57), while anarchsits also frequently wrote for the socialist Forverts, independent Der Tog, and socialist-territorialist papers. The editors of the free-thought The Truth Seeker and the magazine Twentieth Century both became avowed anarchists for a time near the turn of the century and reflected this in their publications' content, as did Little Review editor Magaret Anderson. Finally, The Catholic Worker was founded in 1933 by self-identified Catholic anarchists Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin and carried an implicitly Christian anarchist viewpoint through most of its existence. With a circulation that soared to 185,000 by 1940, it was far and away the largest-circulating anarchist-influenced publication in the history of America and, perhaps, the world, excluding Spain.
German-language: Syndicalist Press in Germany 1897-1933 titles: Die Einigkeit, Der Pionier, Der Syndikalist und Arbeiter-Echo
Zur Auflage-Entwicklung der syndikalistischen Presse in Deutschland 1897 bis 1933:
Die Einigkeit, Der Pionier, Der Syndikalist und Arbeiter-Echo
Compiled by
JONNIE SCHLICHTING
Archiv Karl Roche
some German abbreviations
Bd.: Band (volume)
FAUD: Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Free Workers' Union of Germany)
FVdG: Freie Vereinigung deutscher Gewerkschaften (Free Association of German Trade Unions)
H.: Heft (issue)
Jg.: Jahrgang (year)
Nr.: Nummer (number)
some German terms
Bericht: report
Eröffnungsrede: opening speech
Geschäfts- und Rechenschaftsbericht: Business and Accountability Report
Herausgegeben: edited (by)
Kassenbericht: Cashier's report
Protokoll: minutes
Note: For convenience, I use the abbreviation FVdG for the minutes of the localist/syndicalist movement until the 12th Congress, 1919, although it was not until after the 5th Congress, 1901, that it bore that name.
|
current No.
|
Year
|
Print run / subscriptions
|
Sources
|
|
1
|
1897
|
Die Einigkeit appears since June 19th.; print run of the test issue ("Probenummer") Nr. 1: 10.000 + 3.000 (reprint)
|
Protokoll FVdG 1898, p. 33
|
|
2
|
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
3rd quarter: 2.650
|
Protokoll FVdG 1898, p. 33; Kulemann 1908, p. 99; Fricke 1987, p. 1014
|
|
3
|
1898
|
Die Einigkeit appears weekly since April 1st
print run: 4.500
subscriptions
1st quarter: 2757
April: 3715
|
Protokoll FVdG 1898, p. 33; p. 34
|
|
4
|
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
3.715
|
Fricke 1987, p. 1014
|
|
5
|
1899
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
5.140
(Legien 1900, p. 1: 5.135)
|
HdS 1900, p. 664; Umbreit 1907, p. 12f.; Kulemann 1908, p. 99; Fricke 1987, p. 1014
|
|
6
|
1900
|
Einigkeit:
print run: 11.200
subscriptions
2nd quarter: 10.252
|
Protokoll FVdG 1900, p. 10f.; Legien 1900, p. 1; Umbreit 1907, p. 13; Kulemann 1908, p. 99f; Fricke 1987, p. 1014
|
|
7
|
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
1st quarter: 9.221
2nd quarter: 10.252
3rd quarter: 10.533
4th quarter: 11.158
|
Protokoll FVdG 1901, p. 27 (Kassenbericht C. Thieme)
|
|
8
|
1901
|
Einigkeit:
print run: 10.500
subscriptions
1st quarter: 10.414
2nd quarter: 10.107
3rd quarter: 9.625
|
Protokoll FVdG 1901, p. 27 (Kassenbericht C. Thieme)
|
|
9
|
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
4th quarter: 9.333
|
Protokoll FVdG 1903, p. 41
|
|
10
|
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
9.625
|
Fricke 1987, p. 1014
|
|
11
|
1902
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
1st quarter: 7.918
2nd quarter: 8.144
3rd quarter: 8.491
4th quarter: 9.467
|
Protokoll FVdG 1903, p. 41
|
|
12
|
1903
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
1st quarter: 10.068
2nd quarter: 10.398
|
Protokoll FVdG 1903, p. 41; Protokoll FVdG 1906, p. 32; Kulemann 1908, p. 103; Fricke 1987, p. 1014
|
|
13
|
1905
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
31. Dezember: 13.708
|
Protokoll FVdG 1906, p. 32;
|
|
14
|
1906
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
January 1st: 13.708
|
Fricke 1987, p. 1014
|
|
15
|
1907
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
average 1st & 2nd quarter: 15.200 (peak value 15.600).
The print run fell from 16.700 to 14.200
|
Protokoll FVdG 1908, p. 35 (Kassenbericht A. Kleinlein)
|
|
16
|
|
Einigkeit:
print run 12.800
|
Kulemann 1908, p. 107; Fricke 1987, p. 1014
|
|
17
|
1908
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
January: 12.800
|
Protokoll FVdG 1908, p. 35 (Kassenbericht A. Kleinlein)
|
|
18
|
1911
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
< 9.000
|
Protokoll FVdG 1912, p. 20
|
|
19
|
|
Der Pionier is published since October (fortnightly, later weekly)
print run: 5.400
|
Protokoll FVdG 1912, p. 56 (E. Paul, Bericht über den »Pionier«)
|
|
20
|
1912
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
8.410
|
Protokoll FVdG 1912, p. 19
|
|
21
|
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
8.400
|
Protokoll FVdG 1914, p. 20 (A. Kleinlein, Kassenbericht)
|
|
22
|
|
Pionier:
subscriptions
ca. 4.500
|
Protokoll FVdG 1912, p. 56 (E. Paul, Bericht über den »Pionier«)
|
|
23
|
|
Pionier:
print run: 4.500
|
Fricke 1987, p. 1014
|
|
24
|
1913
|
Pionier:
subscriptions
3rd quarter: 4.609
|
Protokoll FVdG 1914, p. 62 (C. Thieme, Bericht)
|
|
25
|
1914
|
Einigkeit:
subscriptions
6.000
|
Protokoll FVdG 1914, p. 20 (A. Kleinlein, Kassenbericht)
|
|
26
|
|
Pionier:
subscriptions
1st quarter: 4.271
2nd quarter: 4.029
|
Protokoll FVdG 1914, p. 62 (C. Thieme, Bericht)
|
|
27
|
|
Pionier: ban on August 5th;
Einigkeit: ban on August 8th
|
Mitteilungsblatt, Jg. 1, Nr. 1, 15. August 1914; Rundschreiben, Nr. 1, 15. Juni 1915; Aigte 1930, p. 161; Thorpe 2000, p. 197f.; Döhring 2013, p. 64f.
|
|
28
|
1914 – 1918
|
August 8th, 1914: Beginning of World War I
|
|
|
29
|
1914 – 1915
|
The Mitteilungsblatt appears as a substitute for Die Einigkeit
(Jg. 1, Nr. 1, 15. August 1914 – Nr. 43, 5. Juni 1915, then forbidden)
|
Rundschreiben, Nr. 1, 15. Juni 1915; Thorpe 2000, p. 197f.; Döhring 2013, p. 64f.
|
|
30
|
1915 – 1917
|
The Rundschreiben appears as a substitute (Nr. 1, 15. Juni 1915 – Nr. 47, 15. Mai 1917, then forbidden)
|
Rundschreiben, Nr. 47, 15. Mai 1917; Thorpe 2000, p. 197f.; Döhring 2013, p. 64f.
|
|
31
|
1918
|
Der Syndikalist appears since December 14th (weekly)
Initial edition: 10.000 copies
|
Protokoll FVdG 1919, p. 25; Döhring 2010, p. 15
|
|
32
|
1919
|
Syndikalist:
print run: 95.000
(probably before the ban in the Rhineland – cf. 34)
|
Protokoll FAUD 1930, p. 26 (F. Kater, [Eröffnungsrede])
|
|
33
|
1919
|
Syndikalist:
print run: June/July: 50.000
December 20th: 45.000
|
Protokoll FVdG 1919, p. 25 (F. Kater, [Eröffnungsrede])
|
|
34
|
|
Rundschreiben:
print run: 15.000 (20. December 20th)
– Due to the ban on Der Syndikalist in the Rhineland by the military authorities, Der Pionier, then the Mitteilungsblatt and finally the Rundschreiben were (re)issued as a replacement there
|
Protokoll FVdG 1919, p. 25 (F. Kater, [Eröffnungsrede]); Döhring 2010, p. 19f.
|
|
35
|
1920
|
Syndikalist:
print run: 120.000
|
Syndikalist , Jg. 2, Nr. 12, 20. März 1920, quoted in Döhring 2010, p. 15; Willeke 1928, p. 872, 873
|
|
36
|
1921
|
Syndikalist:
print run: 72.500
|
F. 1921, p. 21
|
|
37
|
1922
|
Syndikalist:
subscriptions
71.000
|
Protokoll FAUD 1925, p. 17 (F. Kater, Geschäfts- und Rechenschaftsbericht)
|
|
38
|
1925
|
Syndikalist:
subscriptions
> 25.000
|
FAUD 1925, p. 119, 120
|
|
39
|
1925
|
Syndikalist:
subscriptions
21.000
|
Protokoll FAUD 1925, p. 17 (Kater, Geschäfts- und Rechenschaftsbericht); St. Jb. 1927, p. 515; Willeke 1928, p. 873
|
|
40
|
1926
|
Syndikalist:
subscriptions
18.000
|
St. Jb. 1928, p. 596
|
|
41
|
1933
|
The Arbeiter-Echo has been published since January 7 as successor to Der Syndikalist:
print run: 8.000 – 10.000
(banned after No. 7, February 18th)
|
Döhring 2010, p. 26f.; cf. also Haug 1989, p. 360
|
Sources
Aigte 1930: Gerhard Aigte, Über die Entwicklung der revolutionären syndikalistischen Arbeiterbewegung Frankreichs und Deutschlands in der Kriegs- und Nachkriegszeit. Freie wissenschaftliche Arbeit; in: Die Internationale. Zeitschrift für revolutionäre Arbeiterbewegung, Gesellschaftskritik und sozialistischen Neuaufbau. Herausgegeben von der Freien Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (AS), Berlin, Jg. IV, Nr. 2 (Dezember 1930) bis Nr. 10 (August 1931) [partial reprint: Gerhard Aigte, Die Entwicklung der revolutionären syndikalistischen Arbeiterbewegung Deutschlands in der Kriegs- und Nachkriegszeit (1918-1929), Bremen 2005 (FAU Bremen)]
Döhring 2010: Helge Döhring, Die Presse der syndikalistischen Arbeiterbewegung 1918 bis 1933 (Edition SyFo Nr. 1), Moers (Syndikat A)
Döhring 2013: Helge Döhring, Syndikalismus in Deutschland 1914-1918. »Im Herzen der Bestie«, Lich-Hessen (Edition AV)
F. 1921: F., Der deutsche Syndikalisten-Kongreß; in: Die Rote Gewerkschafts-Internationale, Nr. 8, 15. November 1921, p. 21 – 24
FAUD 1925: Bericht der Freien Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Anarcho-Syndikalisten) für den II. Kongreß der Internationalen Arbeiter-Assoziation; in: Protokoll IAA 1925, p. 119 – 122
Fricke 1987: Dieter Fricke, Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung 1869 bis 1917. 2. erweiterte und aktualisierte Auflage in zwei Bänden, Berlin/DDR (Dietz)
Haug 1989: Wolfgang Haug, »Eine Flamme erlischt«. Die Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Anarcho-Syndikalisten) von 1932 bis 1937; in: Internationale Wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung (IWK), Jg. 25, H. 3, September 1989, p. 359 – 379
HdS 1900: Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften. Herausgegeben von J. Conrad, W. Lexis, L. Elster, Edg. Loening. 2. Auflage, Bd. 4, Jena (Gustav Fischer)
Kulemann 1908: W. Kulemann, Die Berufsvereine. Erste Abteilung. Geschichtliche Entwicklung der Berufsorganisationen der Arbeitnehmer und Arbeitgeber aller Länder.(Zweite, völlig neu bearbeitete Auflage der »Gewerkschaftsbewegung«). Zweiter Band. Deutschland II. Organisation der Arbeitnehmer II (Die Arbeiter – Die Arbeiterinnen – Einzelne Organisationen), Jena (Gustav Fischer)
Legien 1900: Carl Legien, Die neueste Entwicklungsphase der Lokalorganisirten; in: Correspondenzblatt der Generalkommission der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands, Jg. 10, Nr. 23, 11. Juni 1900, p. 1 – 3
Mitteilungsblatt: Mitteilungsblatt der Geschäftskommission der Freien Vereinigung deutscher Gewerkschaften (1914 – 1915; 1919), Berlin
Protokoll FAUD 1925: Protokoll über die Verhandlungen vom 15. Kongreß der Freien Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (A.S.). Abgehalten am 10., 11., 12. und 13. April 1925 in Dresden, Berlin (Der Syndikalist)
Protokoll FAUD 1930: Protokoll über die Verhandlungen des 18. Kongresses der Freien Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (A.-S.). Abgehalten vom 29. Mai bis 1. Juni 1930 im »Atlantik«, Berlin-Gesundbrunnen, Berlin (Der Syndikalist)
Protokoll FVdG 1898: Protokoll des 2. Kongresses der Vertrauensmänner-Zentralisation Deutschlands [vom 12. – 14. April in Berlin], Berlin (Carl Thieme)
Protokoll FVdG 1900: Protokoll über die Verhandlungen vom 4. Kongreß der Vertrauensmänner-Zentralisation Deutschlands vom 14. – 16. Mai 1900 im Lokale von Blaurock in Pankow-Berlin, Berlin (Carl Thieme)
Protokoll FVdG 1901: Protokoll über die Verhandlungen vom 5. Kongreß der Vertrauensmänner-Zentralisation Deutschlands am 22., 23., 24. und 25. September 1901 in den »Arminhallen«, Kommandantenstr. 20, in Berlin, Berlin (Carl Thieme)
Protokoll FVdG 1903: Protokoll über die Verhandlungen vom 6. Kongreß der Freien Vereinigung Deutschlands, abgehalten am 13., 14., 15. und 16. September 1903 in Dräsel's Festsäälen, Neue Friedrichstr. 35, in Berlin, Berlin (Paul Edelmann)
Protokoll FVdG 1906: Protokoll über die Verhandlungen vom 7. Kongreß der Freien Vereinigung Deutschlands. Abgehalten vom 16. – 19. April 1906 zu Berlin im Moabiter Gewerkschaftshaus, Wiclefstr. 24, Berlin (Fritz Kater)
Protokoll FVdG 1908: Protokoll über die Verhandlungen vom 8. Kongreß der Freien Vereinigung Deutschlands. Abgehalten vom 22. bis 25. Januar 1908 zu Berlin in Anton Boekers Festsäälen, Weber-Straße Nr. 17, Berlin (Fritz Kater)
Protokoll FVdG 1912 : Protokoll über die Verhandlungen des 10. Kongresses der Freien Vereinigung Deutschlands. Abgehalten am 16., 17. und 18. Mai 1912 zu Magdeburg. Etablissement »Luisenpark«, Spielgartenstraße Nr. 1c., nebst dem Programm der Freien Vereinigung deutscher Gewerkschaften, Berlin (Fritz Kater)
Protokoll FVdG 1914: Protokoll über die Verhandlungen vom 11. Kongreß der Freien Vereinigung Deutschlands. Abgehalten in Berlin am 21., 22. und 23. Mai 1914 im »Fürstenhof«, Köpenicker Straße 137/138, Berlin (Fritz Kater)
Protokoll FVdG 1919: Protokoll über die Verhandlungen vom 12. Kongreß der Freien Vereinigung Deutschlands. Abgehalten am 27., 28., 29 und 30. Dezember 1919 zu Berlin, in der Aula der Luisenstädtischen Oberrealschule, Dresdener Straße 113, Berlin 1920 (Fritz Kater)
Protokoll IAA 1925: Bericht des II. Kongresses der Internationalen Arbeiter-Assoziation. Amsterdam, vom 21. bis 27. März 1925; in: Die Internationale. Organ der Internationalen Arbeiter-Assoziation. Berlin. Deutsche Ausgabe. Herausgegeben vom Sekretariat der I.A.A. Berlin, Jg. 2, Nr. 5, Juni 1925, p. 1 – 164
Rundschreiben: Rundschreiben an die Vorstände und Mitglieder aller der Freien Vereinigung deutscher Gewerkschaften angeschlossenen Vereine (1915 – 1917; 1919 – 1920), Berlin
St. Jb. 1927: Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich. Herausgegeben vom Statistischen Reichsamt Berlin, Jg. XLVI, 1927, Berlin
St. Jb. 1928: Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich. Herausgegeben vom Statistischen Reichsamt Berlin, Jg. XLVII, 1928, Berlin
Thorpe 2000: Wayne Thorpe, Keeping the Faith. The German Syndicalists in the First World War; in: Central European History, Vol. 33, 2000, No. 2, p. 195-216
Umbreit 1907: Paul Umbreit, Die gegnerischen Gewerkschaften in Deutschland. Acht Vorträge aus den gewerkschaftlichen Unterrichtskursen, veranstaltet von der Generalkommission der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands. Zweite Auflage, Berlin (Generalkommission)
Willeke 1928: Eduard Willeke, Die Ideenwelt des deutschen Syndikalismus; in: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Bd. 128 (III. Folge, Bd. 73), 1928, p. 866 – 899
some German abbreviations
Bd.: Band (volume)
FAUD: Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (Free Workers' Union of Germany)
FVdG: Freie Vereinigung deutscher Gewerkschaften (Free Association of German Trade Unions)
H.: Heft (issue)
Jg.: Jahrgang (year)
Nr.: Nummer (number)
some German terms
Bericht: report
Eröffnungsrede: opening speech
Geschäfts- und Rechenschaftsbericht: Business and Accountability Report
Herausgegeben: edited (by)
Kassenbericht: Cashier's report
Protokoll: minutes
Note: For convenience, I use the abbreviation FVdG for the minutes of the localist/syndicalist movement until the 12th Congress, 1919, although it was not until after the 5th Congress, 1901, that it bore that name.
Anarchist newspaper circulation
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Comments (5)
Anonymous said
at 4:41 pm on Apr 19, 2007
Nicole -- not old, just a damn fine researcher...
john said
at 3:22 am on Jan 5, 2016
Mina Graur in the abstract to "The Yiddish anarchist press in England, 1885-1914" [the article is in Hebrew] says "In the early 1900s, Arbeiter Freynd's [Arbyater Fraynd] circulation reached 4,000, although the actual readership was higher, as every copy was read by several people." Kesher /קשר
No. 6 (נובמבר 1989), pp. 60-67
http://www.jstor.org/stable/23901028?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Malcolm Archibald said
at 9:12 pm on Nov 27, 2017
The Russian historian Pavel Talerov has recently published some data for anarchist periodicals in revolutionary Russia (1917 - early 1920s): "Anarkhiya" (1917-18, 99 issues, 20,000 copies); "Burevestnik" (1917-18, 115 issues, 15,000 copies); "Golos Truda" (1917-18, 69 issues, 10-15,000 copies); "Zhizn" (1917, 59 issues); "Svoboda" (1917-18, 47 issues); "Pochin" (1919-20, 20 issues). These were the periodicals with the highest circulations; Talerov has identified around 110 periodicals from this period that were either anarchist or "close to this tendency." "Revolutionary Thought in Russia: 19th - early 20th Century, Encyclopedia" (ROSSPEN: Moscow, 2013), p. 33.
Malcolm Archibald said
at 9:23 pm on Nov 27, 2017
Also of interest is the number of issues published. The Russian newspaper "Amerikanskie Izvestiia," published in New York from 1920 to 1924, put out a total of 506 issues of what was generally regarded as a fairly high-quality newspaper. The newspaper "Rassvet," published in New York and Chicago from 1926 to 1939), was a daily (!), although it lost most of its influence in the anarchist milieu after about 1928 due to its drift to the right. And the monthly "Volna," published from 1921 to 1924 in Detroit/Cleveland/New York/Philadelphia, managed to put out 58 issues although it was an illegal, underground journal. Of the other main Russian journals in North America, "Dielo Truda" published 51 issues, "Probuzhdenie" 97 issues, and the merged journal "Dielo Truda - Probuzhdenie" 68 issues.
john said
at 10:07 am on Nov 24, 2020
"Freedom" in 1968, complaing about current sales said:
"In Glasgow alone, in the past, 750 copies of the paper were sold by one group alone. Now the entire Anarchist Federation of Britain, with its 62 listed branches, sells the pitiful figure of about 500 copies."
I assume the 750 copies were of "War Commentary"...
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